SUBJECTS AND SYLLABUS

BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

V-SEMESTER:-

Theory
1.Management & Entrepreneurship
2.8086 Microprocessors & Peripherals
3.Biomedical Transducers and Measurements
4.Digital Signal Processing & Applications
5.Clinical Instrumentation-1
6.Biomedical Equipments

Practicals
7.Clinical Instrumentation Lab-1
8.8086 Microprocessor Lab


VI-SEMESTER:-

Theory
1.Communication Systems
2.C++ & Data Structures
3.VLSI Design
4.Biomedical Digital Signal Processing
5.Clinical Instrumentation-2
6.Elective
-Rehabilitation Engineering
-Bioinformatics
-Power Electronics
-Computer Organization
-Hospital Design, Planning & Management
-Operating Systems

Practicals
7.C++ & Data Structures Lab
8.Biomedical DSP Lab


VII-SEMESTER:

Theory
1.Computer Communication & Healthcare Networks
2.Medical Imaging Systems
3.Embedded System Design
4.Medical Image Processing
5.Elective
-Biomechanics & Biodynamics
-Genetic Engineering
-Medical Informatics
-DSP Architecture
-Low Power VLSI
-Speech Signal Processing
6.Elective
-Biostatistics
-Tissue Engineering
-Ergonomics
-ARM Processors
-Wavelet Transforms
-Software Engineering

Practicals
7.Clinical Instrumentation Lab-2
8.Medical Image Processing Lab


VIII-SEMESTER

Theory
1.Data Base Management System in Healthcare
2.Biomaterials & Artificial Organs
3.Elective
-Laser & Optical Fibers in Medicine
-Biosensors & Smart Sensors
-Nanotechnology
-Neural Networks & AI in Biomedical Engg.
-Embedded System Programming
-Distributed Sensor Networks
4.Elective
-Bio-MEMS
-Biological Control Systems and Modeling
-Picture Archiving & Communication Systems
-Pattern Recognition in Medicine
-Digital Systems using Verilog
-Real Time Systems
5.Project Work
6.Seminar


Syllabus

V SEMESTER


MANAGEMENT & ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Sub Code : 06AL51 IA Marks : 25
Hours /Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03
Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100
PART – A
Management
Unit 1
Management: Introduction: meaning-nature and characteristics of
management, scope and functional areas of management-management as a
science, art or profession-management and administration-Roles of
management, Levels of management, Development of management Thoughtearly
management approaches-Modern management approaches.
7 Hrs
Unit 2
Planning: Nature, importance and purpose of planning process-objectivestypes
of plans (meaning only)-design making-importance of planning-steps in
planning and planning premises-hierarchy of plans.
6Hrs
Unit 3
Organizing and staffing: Nature and purpose of organization-Principles of
organization-Types of organization, departmentation, committees,
Centralization Vs Decentralization of authority and responsibility-span and
control-MBO and MBE (meaning) Nature and importance of staffing-process
of selection and recruitment (in brief).
6Hrs
Unit 4
Directing and controlling: Meaning and nature of directing-leadership styles,
motivation theories, communication -meaning and importance-coordination,
meaning and importance and techniques of Co-ordination. Meaning and steps
in controlling-Essentials of sound control system-Methods of establishing
control (in brief).
7Hrs
PART – B
Entrepreneurship
Unit 5
Entrepreneur: Meaning of entrepreneur, Evolution of the concept,
Functions of an entrepreneur, Types of Entrepreneur, Entrepreneur-an
emerging class. Concept of Entrepreneurship-Evolution of Entrepreneurship,
Development of Entrepreneurship; Stages in entrepreneurial process; Role of
entrepreneurs in Economic Development; Entrepreneurship in India;
Entrepreneurship-its Barriers.
6Hrs
Unit 6
Small-scale industry: Definition: Characteristics; Need and rationale:
Objectives; scope; role of SSI in Economic Development. Advantages of SSI,
Steps to start an SSI-government policy towards SSI; Different policies of
SSI; government support for SSI during 5years plans. Impact of
Liberalization, Privatization, Globalization on SSI, Effect of WTO/GATT
supporting agencies of Government for SSI, meaning; Nature of support;
Objectives; Functions; Types of help; Ancillary Industry and Tiny Industry
(Definition).
7Hrs
Unit 7
Institutional Support: Different Schemes; TECKSOK; KIADB; KSSIDC;
KSIMC; DIC single window Agency: SISI; NSIC; SIDBI; KSFC.
6Hrs
Unit 8: Preparation of project: Meaning of project: Project Identification;
Project selection; project Report; Need and significance of Report; contents;
formulation; Guidelines by planning Commission for project report; Network
Analysis; Errors of Project Report; Project Appraisal. Identification of
business opportunities. Market Feasibility Study; Technical feasibility study;
Financial Feasibility Study and social Feasibility Study.
7Hrs
Textbooks:
1. 1.Principles of Management, P.C.Tripathi, P.N.Reddy, Tata McGraw
Hill (Chapters 1,2,3,4,5,14,15,16,17)
2. 2.Dynamics of Entrepreneurial Development & Management-Vasant
Desai, Himalaya Publishing House (Chapter 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 13, 15,
16, 17,18,19,20,21,22,42,46,47)
3. 3.Enterprenuership Development-Small Business Enterprises, Poornima
M Charantimath-Pearson Education-2006 (2&4)
Reference Books:
1. Manage Fundamentals-Concepts, Application, Skill Development-
Robert Lusier, Thomson (chapter 1,4,12)
2. 2.Enterprenuership Development, SS Khanka, S Chand &Co (Chapters
1,2,5,11,12,13,16,18,20).
3. 3.Management-Stephen Robbins, Pearson Education, PHI-17th Edition,
2003.
Note:
1.One question to be set from each unit
2. Answer five questions choosing atleast two questions from each part.


8086 MICROPROCESSOR & PERIPHERALS

Subject Code : 06BM52 IA Marks : 25
Hours /week : 04 Exam Hours : 03
Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100
PART- A
Unit 1:
The Processors: 8086 / 8088
Register Organization of 8086, Architecture, Signal Descriptions of 8086,
Physical Memory Organization, General Bus Operation, I/O addressing
Capability, Special Processors Activities, Minimum Mode 8086 System and
Timings, Maximum Mode 8086 System and Timings, The Processors 8088.
7 Hours
Unit 2 & 3:
8086 / 8088 Instruction Set and Assembler Directives and Assembly
Language Programming
Machine Language Instruction Formats, Addressing Modes of 8086,
Instruction Set of 8086, Assembler Directives and Operators, A Few Machine
Level Programs, Programming with An Assembler, Assembly Language
Example Programs.
12 Hours
Unit 4:
Special Architectural Features and Related Programming
Introduction to Stack, STACK Structure of 8086 / 8088, Interrupts and
Interrupts Service Routines, Interrupt Cycle of 8086 / 8088, Non Mask able
Interrupt, Mask able Interrupt (INTR), Interrupt Programming, MACROS
and Timing and Delays.
7 Hours
PART- B
Unit 5:
Peripherals and Their Interfacing with 8086 / 8088
Semiconductor Memory Interfacing, Dynamic RAM Interfacing, Interfacing
I/O Ports, PIO 8255 [Programmable Input – Output Port], Modes of
Operation of 8255, Interfacing Analog to Digital Data Converters, Interfacing
Digital to Analog Data Converters, Stepper Motor Interfacing, Control of
High Power Devices Using 8255.
7 Hours
Unit 6 & 7:
Special Purpose Programmable Peripheral Devices and Their
Interfacing
Programmable Interval Timer 8253, Programmable Interrupt Controller
8259A, The Keyboard / Display Controller 8279, Programmable
Communication Interface 8251 USART, DMA Controller, DMA Transfer
and Operations, Programmable DMA Interface.
13 Hours
Unit 8:
Introduction to 80286 Microprocessor
Salient Features of 80286, internal architecture of 80286, Signal description
of 80286, real addressing mode, protected virtual address mode.
6 Hours
Textbook:
1. Advanced Microprocessors and Peripherals – A.K.Ray and K.M.
Bhurchandi, TMH, 2001
Reference Book
2. Microprocessor and Interfacing by Douglas V. Hall, 2nd Edn., Tata
McGraw Hill.


BIOMEDICAL TRANSDUCERS AND MEASUREMENTS

Subject Code : 06BM53 IA Marks : 25
Hours / Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03
Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100
PART- A
Unit 1:
Fundamental Concepts & Basic Transducers
Measurement, Signals and Noise in the measurement-Measurement, signals
and noise, signal to noise ratio, different types of noise. Characteristics of
Measurement system-Transducer and measurement system, static
characteristics, dynamic characteristics, standard and calibration, accuracy
and error.
Basic medical instrumentation system, performance requirements of medical
instrumentation systems, PC based medical instruments, General constraints
in design of medical instrumentation systems.
6 Hours
Unit 2:
Bioelectric Signals and Electrodes
Electrocardiogram (ECG), Electroencephalogram (EEG), Electromyogram
(EMG), Electrooculogram (EOG), Electroretinogram (ERG), Recording
Electrodes – Electrode-tissue interface, polarization, skin contact impedance,
motion artifacts, Silver-Silver Chloride electrodes, Electrodes for ECG,
Electrodes for EEG, Electrodes of EMG, Electrical conductivity of electrode
jellies and creams, microelectrodes.
6 Hours
Unit 3:
Pressure Measurement
Physiological pressure ranges and measurement sites, Reference for pressure
measurement, Direct pressure measurement-catheters for pressure
measurement, diaphragm displacement transducers, catheter tip pressure
transducers, implantable pressure transducers and pressure telemetering
capsules, differential pressure measurements. Indirect pressure measurement-
Indirect measurement of systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure,
Detection of Kortokoff sounds, Mean BP measurements by Oscillometric
method, BP measurement by Doppler ultrasound, indirect measurement of
instantaneous arterial pressure.
7 Hours
Unit 4:
Temperature measurement
Requirements for measurement ranges, Temperature transducers –
Thermistors, thermocouples, wire and thin film thermoresistive elements, PN
junction diodes and transistors, infrared radiation thermometers, infrared
thermography. Clinical thermometer probes, tympanic thermometers,
telemetering capsules, direct calorimetry.
7 Hours
PART- B
Unit 5 & 6:
Flow measurement
Requirements for measurement ranges – blood flow in a single vessel, tissue
blood flow, respiratory gas flow. Electromagnetic flowmeter – principle,
methods of magnetic field excitation, perivascular probes, intravascular
probes, use of external field excitation, square wave electromagnetic blood
flowmeter. Ultrasonic blood flowmeters – propagation of ultrasound in the
tissue, transit time and phase shift ultrasound flowmeters, ultrasonic Doppler
flowmeters, blood flow measurement through Doppler imaging. Indicator
dilution method – principle and working, thermodilution method, Fick
method, thermistor velocity probe, impedance cardiography, Laser Doppler
flowmeter, NMR blood flowmeter.
13 Hours
Unit 7 & 8:
Chemical Measurement and Biosensors
Objectives of chemical measurement, requirements and limitations in
chemical measurement. Chemical Transducers – Electrochemical
transducers, Electrode potential and reference electrodes, potentiometric
sensors, amperometric sensors, electrochemical gas sensors, chemical
transducers of acoustic and thermal principles. Biosensors – Enzyme based
biosensors, immunosensors, microbial sensors.
Continuous measurement of chemical quantities – intravascular
measurements, tissue measurements, measurement by blood drainage,
measurement by microdialysis, measurement by effluent fluid analysis.
Transcutaneous measurements - Transcutaneous measurement of pO2,
Transcutaneous measurement of pCO2, Transcutaneous arterial oxygen
saturation monitoring – the basic of oximetry, early oximeters, pulse
oximeter, Electronic nose.
13 Hours
Textbooks:
1. Biomedical Transducers and Instruments – by Tatsuo Togawa, Toshiyo
Tamura and P. Ake Oberg, CRC Press, 1997.
2. Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation – by R.S.Khandpur, 2nd
Edition, Tata McGraw Hill, 2003
Reference Book:
1. Biomedical Instrumentation and Measurement – by Leslie Cromwell,
Fred J Weibell and Erich A. Pfeiffer, Prentice-Hall India Pvt. Ltd.


DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING & APPLICATIONS

Subject Code : 06BM54 IA Marks : 25
Hours / Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03
Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100
PART- A
Unit 1 & 2:
The Discrete Fourier Transform: It’s Properties & Application
Review of Signals & systems, Frequency domain sampling: The DFT
frequency-Domain Sampling & reconstruction of Discrete Time signals. The
Discrete Fourier transform: The DFT as a linear transformation, Relationship
of the DFT to other transforms. Properties of DFT: Periodicity, Linearity, &
Symmetry properties. Multiplication of two DFTs & Circular convolution.
Additional DFT properties. Frequency analysis of signals using DFT.
14 Hours
Unit 3 & 4:
Efficient Computation of DFT: Fast Fourier Transform Algorithms
Efficient Computation of the DFT: FFT Algorithms. Direct Computation of
the DFT. Radix-2 FFT algorithms: Decimation-in-time FFT algorithm and inplace
computations: Decimation-in-frequency FFT algorithm and in-place
computations.
12 Hours
PART- B
Unit 5 & 6:
Design of Digital Filters: General considerations
Design FIR Filters: Symmetric & Anti Symmetric FIR Filters, Design of
Linear phase FIR filter using windows( Rectangular, Hamming, Hanning &
Kaiser). Design of Linear phase FIR filters by Frequency sampling
techniques,
Design of IIR Filters from Analog Filters: IIR Filter Design by
Approximation of Derivatives, IIR Filter Design by Impulse Invariance, IIR
Filter Design by the Bilinear Transformation, Comparison of IIR & FIR
Filters.
14 Hours
Unit 7:
Digital Filter Structures
Basic FIR filter structures- Direct & cascade form structure. Basic IIR Filter
Structures: Direct forms (I & II), cascade and parallel realizations, Signal
flow graph & Transposed structure.
6 Hours
Unit 8:
Analysis of Finite Word Length Effects
Quantization process errors, Analysis of co-efficient quantization effects,
Analysis of co-efficient of quantization effects in FIR filters, Analysis of
Arithmetic round off errors, Reduction of product round off errors, round off
errors in FFT Algorithm.
APPLICATIONS: Dual tone Multi frequency signal detection, Spectral
analysis using DFT, Short time Fourier Transform, Musical Sound
Processing, Digital FM Stereo generation.
6 Hours
Textbooks:
1. Digital Signal Processing - Principles algorithm and application (3rd
Edition) by Proakis and Manolakis, Pearson/PHI, 2003.
2. Digital Signal Processing by S. K. MITRA, Mc Graw-Hill 4th edition.
Reference Books:
1. Modern Digital Signal Processing - Roberto Cristi, Thomson Learning,
2004.
2. Discrete Time Signal Processing by Oppenheim and Schaffer,
Pearson/PHI, 2003.
3. Theory and application of DSP, RABINER L R and GOLD B, PHI,
1999.


CLINICAL INSTRUMENTATION - I

Subject Code : 06BM55 IA Marks : 25
Hours / Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03
Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100
PART- A
CARDIOLOGY
Unit 1:
Electrocardiogram
Review of Heart Structure & Function, Conduction System of the heart,
Electrocardiogram (ECG), Characteristics of the normal ECG, Cardiac
arrhythmias and their electrocardiographic interpretation- Abnormal sinus
rhythms, Abnormal rhythms by impulse conduction blocks, Premature
contractions, Ventricular & Atrial fibrillation, Cardiac arrest.
6 Hours
Unit 2:
Electrocardiograph
Electrocardiograph, Vectorcardiograph, Heart sounds, Abnormal heart
sounds, Phonocardiograph, Stress test, & Holter monitor, cardiac cath lab.
7 Hours
Unit 3:
Cardiac Pacemakers- Need, Types, External, Implantable Pacemakers-Types,
Ventricular synchronous demand pacemaker, Programmable pacemaker,
Rate-responsive pacemakers, Packaging, Power sources, Leads & electrodes
and their problems, Reliability aspects, Recent developments, Pacing system
analyzers.
Defibrillators- Need, DC defibrillator, Electrodes, DC defibrillator with
synchronizer, Automatic external defibrillator, Implantable defibrillator,
Defibrillator analyzer.
7 Hours
Unit 4:
Echocardiography, Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump, CVP & Swan Ganz catheter,
Open Heart Surgery & Bypass Surgery, Angioplasty, Cardiac stents.
6 Hours
Textbooks:
1. Medical Physiology by Guyton & Hall, 10th Edition,
2. Hand book of Biomedical Instrumentation by R. S. Khandpur, 2nd
Edition, Tata McGraw Hill, 2003.
PART- B
OPHTHALMOLOGY & ENT
Unit 5:
Anatomy and Physiology of Human Eye
Aqueous Humor production, Anatomy of Normal Fundus, Study of Different
Refractive Errors
Vision Testing Equipment (Computerized and Manual): Snellen’s Chart-
Procedure for determining both distant & near vision, Keratometer- Principle,
Types and procedure, Refractometer- Types & Procedure, Retinoscope-
Principle, Procedure & Types, Colour Vision
Techniques of Ocular Examination: Loupe & Lens Examination, Slit-Lamp
Examination, Gonioscopy, Ophthalmoscopy-Direct & Indirect.
7 Hours
Unit 6:
Equipment Used to measure IOP: Tonometry & its Different types, Fundus
Fluorescein Angiography.
Methods of Estimating Visual Fields: Peripheral Field Charting, Central Field
Charting, Strabismus & Nystagmus. Examination using various tests &
Treatment: Cover – uncover test, Maddox rod test, Maddox wing test, Hess
chart, Diplopia Charting and Lee screen
6 Hours
Unit 7:
Specialized Equipment Used in treatment: Lasers in Ophthalmology,
Cryotherapy in Ophthalmology, Vitrectomy, Vitreous Liquefaction, Vitreous
Opacities, Vitreous Haemorrhage, Vitrectomy – Open Sky, Pars Plana,
Contact Lenses, Cataract & Surgical Techniques for Cataract Extraction,
Glaucoma & Surgical Procedure for Glaucoma
6 Hours
Unit 8:
Anatomy & physiology of- Ear, Nose & Throat, Mechanics of hearing &
equilibrium.
Audiology & Acoustics, Audiometer-Principle, Assessment of hearing,
Hearing Loss. Rehabilitation technology for the Hearing impaired,
Characteristics & use of hearing Aids, cochlear implants,
electronystagmography, Radiotherapy and chemotherapy in Head & Neck
cancer.
7 Hours
Textbooks:
1. A Textbook on Ophthalmology by A.K. Khurana
2. Parson’s Diseases of Eye by Ramanjit Sihota & Radhika Tandon,
Elsevier India.
3. Handbook of Clinical Audiology by Jack Katz, 4th Edition
4. A short textbook on E.N.T. Diseases by K.B.Bhargav, S.K.Bhargava &
T.M.Shah, 6th Edition, Usha Publications, 2002.
Reference book:
1. Hand book of Biomedical Instrumentation by R. S. Khandpur, 2nd
Edition, Tata McGraw Hill, 2003.


BIOMEDICAL EQUIPMENTS

Subject Code : 06BM56 IA Marks : 25
Hours / Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03
Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100
PART- A
Unit 1:
Respiratory Monitors & Apnea Alarms
Disease states requiring artificial respiratory therapy, Respiratory impedance
plethysmography, Pneumotachometers, Measurement of Volume,
Pulmonary Function Analyzers, Respiratory Gas Analyzers, Alarm Circuits.
6 Hours
Unit 2 & 3
Patient Monitoring Systems, ICU/CCU/Labour & Neonatal ICU
Special care units, ICU/CCU Equipments, Bed side patient monitoring
systems-multiparameters, Measurement of Heart rate & Pulse rate, Recording
system, Oximeters: Principle, Intravascular Oximeter. Cardiotacograph,
Methods of Monitoring Foetal Heart Rate, Monitoring Labour Activity, Baby
Incubator.
Electro Surgery Machines
Principle of Surgical Diathermy, Surgical Diathermy Machine, Safety
Aspects in Electro- Surgical Units, Surgical Diathermy Analyzers, RF Power
Generators for Electro surgery, Measuring RF Power Output from the ESM,
Testing Electro-surgery units (Dummy Loads).
14 Hours
Unit 4:
Therapeutic Equipment
Lithotripsy- The Stone Disease Problem, Extra- corporeal Shock- wave
Therapy, Automated Drug delivery devices. Radiotherapy equipment: use of
HV X-Ray Machines, Development of betatron, Cobalt-60 machine, Medical
Linear Accelerator machine.
6 Hours
PART- B
Unit 5:
Physiotherapy & Electrotherapy Equipment
High Frequency Heat Therapy, Short Wave Diathermy, Microwave
Diathermy, Ultrasonic Therapy Unit, Electro diagnostic / therapeutic
apparatus, pain relief through electrical stimulation, Bladder stimulators,
neuro stimulators.
7 Hours
Unit 6:
Clinical Laboratory Instruments
Colorimeters, Spectrophotometers, Clinical Flame Photometers,
Electrophoresis, Electronic devices for measuring blood characteristics,
Chromatography-GC & HPLC, Blood cell counters.
7 Hours
Unit 7:
Electromagnetic Interference to Medical Electronic Equipment
Types & Sources of EMI, EMI effects, dealing with signal overload
problems, EMI to biomedical sensors, Internode Problems, Some Solutions,
Dealing with TVI/ BCI, Medical Equipment & EMI.
6 Hours
Unit 8:
Electrical Safety
Physiological Effects of Electricity, Importance susceptibility parameters,
Distribution of Electric power, Macro shock hazards, Microshock hazards,
Electrical -Safety codes & standards, Basic approaches to protection against
shock, Protection: Power distribution, Protection: Equipment design,
Electrical-Safety Analyzers, Testing electric system, Tests of Electric
Appliances, Problems.
6 Hours
Textbooks:
1. Biomedical Equipment: Use, Maintenance & Management - Joseph J.
Carr
2. Introduction to Biomedical Equipment Technology-J. J. Carr, 4th Edition,
3. Medical Instrumentation Application & Design- John G. Webster, 3rd
Edition,
4. Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation- R S Khandpur, 2nd edition,
Tata McGraw Hill, 2003


CLINICAL INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY - I

Subject Code : 06BML57 IA Marks : 25
Hours / Week : 03 Exam Hours : 03
Total Hours : 42 Exam Marks : 50
1. Measurement of Op-amp parameters (I/P Offset current, I/P bias current,
Slew rate, I/P offset Voltage, PSRR, CMRR & offset nulling.
2. Inverting amplifier & attenuator, non-inverting amplifier& voltage
follower.
3. Adder, substractor, integrator, differentiator.
4. Half wave & full wave precision rectifiers, Schmitt trigger.
5. Design of Active band pass & notch filters.
6. Astable & Monostable Multivibrators using Op-amp.
7. Instrumentation amplifier- Design for Different gains.
8. Design of Astable and Monostable Multivibrator using 555 timer..
21
9. Plot the characteristics of following transducers
(a) Thermistor (b) LVDT (c) LDR
10. Measurement of blood pressure using sphygmomanometer &
stethoscope and digital BP meter.
11. Measurement of strain using strain gauge for (i) Quarter bridge (ii) Half
bridge (iii) Full bridge
12. Measurement of body temperature using AD590 / LM34


8086 MICROPROCESSOR LAB

Subject Code : 06BML58 IA Marks : 25
Hours / Week : 03 Exam Hours : 03
Total Hours : 42 Exam Marks : 50
Part I: PROGRAMMING
1. ALP for multiplication of two numbers (16 bit, 32 bit)
2. ALP to sort a set unsigned integer numbers in ascending
/descending order using different algorithm.
3. ALP to find the G.C.D. & LCM of two unsigned integers.
4. ALP to find the sum & average of unsigned integers.
5. Develop and execute ALP that implements Binary search algorithm.
6. Develop and execute an ALP to compute factorial of a positive
integer number using recursive procedure.
7. ALP for conversion of 16 bit
(i) BCD to HEX (ii) HEX to BCD numbers (iii) BCD number to 7-
segment
8. ALP to copy the string of successive memory locations from one
memory to other with and without using string instructions.
Part II: INTERFACING
1. Generate a square wave on PC0 pin of 8255 in the add-on-card.
2. Generate different waveforms Sine, Square, Triangle, Ramp, etc
using DAC interface.
3. Seven segment display interface.
4. Stepper motor interface
5. 8-bit ADC interface
6. Matrix keypad interface/ simulation of calculator.
7. Implement a programmable 4-bit binary/decade counter using the
I/O lines in the Add-on-card
8. Using the 8255 in the Add-on-card realize an 8 to1 multiplexer